{"id":4171,"date":"2020-03-06T13:11:20","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T09:41:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/?p=4171"},"modified":"2022-07-30T12:25:13","modified_gmt":"2022-07-30T07:55:13","slug":"paraphrasing-quoting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/paraphrasing-quoting\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u06c0 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\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639<\/h2>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/paper-writing-guide\/\">\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/a> \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06a9\u062b \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u200c\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647\u0654 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061b \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f (\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a) \u00ab\u0628\u0627 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061f<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 (Shared Language) \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f.<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633\u060c \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0686\u0631\u06a9\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0628\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u200c\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4188\" src=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646.jpg\" alt=\"\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646\" width=\"500\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646.jpg 500w, https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0632-\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 <\/strong><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0639\u0634\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0646\u062a\u00bb (\u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0632 1870 \u062a\u0627 1918) \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u200c\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother\u2019s main charge among the large majority of London&#8217;s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into the background. To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/strong> \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632: \u00abThe mother\u2019s main charge\u00bb\u060c \u00ab Among the . . . poor or working class\u00bb\u060c \u00abWorking for and organizing household subsistence\u00bb \u06cc\u0627 \u00abThe emotional and intellectual nurture\u00bb. \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u00abMothers\u00bb\u060c \u00abA mother\u00bb\u060c \u00abChildren\u00bb\u060c \u00abA child\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0654\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u062f\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Children of the poor at the turn of the century received little if any emotional or intellectual nurturing from their mothers, whose main charge was family survival. Working for and organizing household subsistence were what defined mothering. Next to this, even the children\u2019s basic comfort was forced into the background (Ross, 1995).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u200c \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and among the poor, a mother\u2019s foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children\u2019s minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children were deprived of even the \u201cactual comfort\u201d (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box note  \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-inner-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/span>\n<p>\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f <strong>\u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<h2>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642<\/h2>\n<p>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0686\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641\u200c \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 <\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-by-hour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of roles. The nurse manager hires and fires<\/span> nurses. S\/he <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">does not directly care for patients<\/span> but does <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">follow unusual or long-term<\/span> cases. <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">On each shift<\/span> a resource nurse attends to the <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">functioning of the unit as a whole, such as<\/span> making sure <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">beds are available in the operating room<\/span>, and also has <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a patient assignment<\/span>. The nurse clinician <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">orients new staff, develops policies, and provides support where needed<\/span>. The clinical nurse specialist also <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">orients new staff, mostly<\/span> by <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">formal teaching. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist<\/span>, as <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">the designated experts, do not take patient assignments<\/span>. The resource nurse is not only a caregiver but <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a resource to the other caregivers<\/span>. Within the staff nurses there is also a hierarchy of seniority. Their job is to give assigned patients <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">all their nursing care<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u061f<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u062f\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0686\u06cc\u0633 (\u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u06cc) \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u200c\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0630\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u00ab\u0642\u0631\u0636\u00bb \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0642\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc <strong>Patchwork Paraphrase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a critical care unit <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">function in a hierarchy<\/span> that places <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">designated experts<\/span> at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The experts \u2014 the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist \u2014 are not involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">are assigned to patients<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">provide all their nursing care<\/span>. Within the staff nurses is a <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">hierarchy of seniority<\/span> in which the most senior can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also serve as <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">a resource to other caregivers<\/span>. The experts have administrative and teaching tasks such as selecting and <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">orienting new staff, developing unit policies,<\/span> and giving hands-on <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">support where needed<\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u061f<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc (\u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632) \u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u200c\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0636\u200c \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061b \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u063a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">In her study of the roles of nurses in a critical care unit, Chase (1995) also found a hierarchy that distinguished the roles of experts and others. Just as the educational experts described above do not directly teach students, the experts in this unit do not directly attend to patients. That is the role of the staff nurses, who, like teachers, have their own \u201chierarchy of seniority\u201d (p. 156). The roles of the experts include employing unit nurses and overseeing the care of special patients (nurse manager), teaching and otherwise integrating new personnel into the unit (clinical nurse specialist and nurse clinician), and policy-making (nurse clinician). In an intermediate position in the hierarchy is the resource nurse, a staff nurse with more experience than the others, who assumes direct care of patients as the other staff nurses do, but also takes on tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the entire facility.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0641\u0648\u0642<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0686\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 (\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u2013 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641- \u0628\u0631\u0633\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 Shared Language<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f: critical care\u060c staff nurses\u060c nurse manager\u060c clinical nurse specialist\u060c nurse clinician\u060c resource nurse.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u00bb \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0647\u0645\u06af\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f (\u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0636\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f).<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box shadow  \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-inner-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/span>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a <a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\">\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C\">\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062b\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/Register.aspx\" class=\"shortc-button small green \">\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0698\u0627\u0646\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u06cc)\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0642\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a (\u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0644-\u0642\u0648\u0644.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4189\" src=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0644-\u0642\u0648\u0644.jpg\" alt=\"\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0644-\u0642\u0648\u0644.jpg 960w, https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0644-\u0642\u0648\u0644-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a-\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632-\u0648-\u0646\u0642\u0644-\u0642\u0648\u0644-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0646\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641:<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u0631<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0698\u0627\u0646\u0631\u06cc<\/strong>: \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0654 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u06cc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Chase, S. K. (1995). The social context of critical care clinical judgment. Heart and Lung, 24, 154-162.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0654 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646<\/h2>\n<p>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u062b\u0631<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from 1870-1918 [signal], makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of motherhood [assertion]. Among this population [connection], \u201cTo mother was to work for and organize household subsistence\u201d (p. 9).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0654 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century [assertion]. As [connection] Ross observes [signal], \u201cMaternal thinking about children\u2019s health revolved around the possibility of a child\u2019s maiming or death\u201d (p. 166).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062b\u0631\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0635\u0631\u06cc\u062d \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">According to Jonathan Clarke, \u201cProfessional diplomats often say that trying to think diplomatically about foreign policy is a waste of time.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631 (\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/apa-style-guide-for-authors\/\">\u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 APA<\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 40 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631) \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 (\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc) \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u0654 \u00ab\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u200c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u00bb \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u0648 \u062a\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0627 3 \u0633\u0637\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u0627 3 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06af\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">In Julius Caesar, Antony begins his famous speech with \u201cFriends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears; \/ I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him\u201d (III.ii.75-76).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0634 (\/) \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 3 \u0633\u0637\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 3 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a. \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc (\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f)\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c (\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u06c0 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a) \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a:<\/strong> \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 (Common Knowledge) \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627:<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box info  \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-inner-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/span>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 <strong>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 <strong>\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647<\/strong> \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<h3>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0632 <a href=\"https:\/\/integrity.mit.edu\/handbook\/citing-your-sources\/what-common-knowledge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9<\/a> \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/strong> \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648 \u0641\u0648\u062a \u0686\u0647\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0654 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/strong> \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u00ab\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u00bb \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/professional\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/a> \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0632\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u06cc \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box info  \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-inner-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/span>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0654 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u200c\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f (\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647):<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Menand (2002) characterizes language as \u201ca social weapon\u201d (p. 115).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u0648\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"box info  \">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"box-inner-block\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"fa tie-shortcode-boxicon\"><\/span>\n<p>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/period-comma-semicolon-difference\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/some-english-punctuation-marks\/\">\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc (\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc) \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n<h3><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Hertzberg (2002) notes that \u201ctreating the Constitution as imperfect is not new,\u201d but because of Dahl\u2019s credentials, his \u201capostasy merits attention\u201d (p. 85).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0648\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 (\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u06cc) \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Menand (2001) acknowledges that H. W. Fowler\u2019s Modern English Usage is \u201ca classic of the language,\u201d but he asks, \u201cIs it a dead classic?\u201d (p. 114).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">How many students actually read the guide to find out what is meant by \u201cacademic misconduct\u201d?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">According to Hertzberg (2002), Dahl gives the U. S. Constitution \u201cbad marks in \u2018democratic fairness\u2019 and \u2018encouraging consensus&#8217;\u201d (p. 90).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u201cdemocratic fairness\u201d \u0648 \u201cencouraging consensus\u201d \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n<h4>\u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644<\/h4>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 (&#8230;) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06af\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00a0\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d<\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a [] \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f (\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632).<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 [sic] (\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u00bb \u06cc\u0627 \u00ab\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u00bb) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u200c\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u06cc\u0634\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0686\u0627\u067e\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u06c0 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0628\u06cc \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0632 (\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646) \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0644 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":4192,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[171,87],"tags":[],"yst_prominent_words":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4171"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4171"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6803,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4171\/revisions\/6803"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4192"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4171"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transnet.ir\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=4171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}